There isn’t a formal process for declaring an impasse, according to Paul Iversen, labor expert at the University of Iowa’s Labor Center. Both parties have to be unwilling to make any additional offers, but if one party creates a new proposal, the other party is obligated to hear it.

“If all they’re doing at the table is trying to convince the UAW to submit this same proposal to another vote, you may be at an impasse while still being at the table,” Iversen said. “The issue is, is either side willing to change their position at the bargaining table?”

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